De BRY, Johann Theodor, (1560-1623) and Johann Israel de Bry (1565-1609). Part II, Plate 03, Description of the Negroes on the Island Mozambigue Called Caffres. From the “Little Voyages”

De BRY, Johann Theodor, (1560-1623) and Johann Israel de Bry (1565-1609).  Part II, Plate 03, Description of the Negroes on the Island Mozambigue Called Caffres. From the “Little Voyages”

$5,000.00

Plate III,Beschreibung der Moren in der Insel Mosambigue so Caffres genenntwerden
From Part II of Johann Theodor de Bry (1561-1623) and Johann Isreal de Bry's (1565-1609) Orientalische Indien (“Little Voyages”), Ander Theil der Orientalischen...Frankfurt: 1598 (first edition)
Engraving with original, early 17th century hand color heightened with gold on laid paper; paper dimensions: approximately: 11 1/2 x 7 1/2 inches
Printed by Johan Saur
van Groesen 43

NATIVES OF MOZAMBIQUE

By the mid-sixteenth century, Dutch and Portuguese began to penetrate deeper into Mozambique in the interest of expanding their claims on the African gold-mining region, and encountered some resistance from the natives. From 1569 to 1575, the Portuguese sent a large number of troops to seize Mozambique, however, many of the soldiers died of disease and the region was left largely free of Portuguese control.

According to the descriptions in Icones, the natives of Mozambique use a glowing iron to make stripes and holes in their skin. They reportedly have contempt for the Europeans' bodies because their white color makes them look like monsters to the natives. Some Africans file their teeth to shape them like needles. Altogether they are convinced that their beauty, color and lifestyle is better than that of all other people, according to Icones.*

Translation of text:

Title: Description of the Negroes on the island Mozambique called Caffres

Text: 

Those Caffres or Negroes reside in the whole state of Ethiopia all the way to Capo Di Bonaspe: are pitch black/ with short frizzy braided hair/ with flat and blunt noses and full lips/ on top and bottom/ they also have several holes in there (lips) and in their cheeks/ through which they stick a small bone or something else. Their body including their face was decorated and branded with a hot iron/ they walk around completely naked without any shame/ except for those living on the island Mozambigue/ their women cover their shame area/ because of the Portuguese community/ which brings them cot- ton/ and linen sheets/ in trade with ivory and gold/ with those sheets the women cover the area from half their upper body to half their thighs/ but the men just have bad tiny pieces of fab- ric or other material.

Regarding their religion/ on the island are several Muslims/ several heathens/ and few Christians: the others after the Capo Di Bonaspe, with whom the Portuguese have no connection/ live without any knowledge of mass/ like the cattle/ which is noted in chapter 4 and 4.I.**

ENGRAVED PLATES FROM VOLUME II OF DE BRY’S ‘LITTLE VOYAGES’ OF THE EAST INDIES

Documenting the Asia Journeys of Van Linschoten. Featuring Depictions of Gabon, Mozambique, India, Ormus, Moluccas, and China

The Itinerario of Jan Huygen van Linschoten (ca. 1563, Haarlem - 1611 Enkhuizen) literally translates from the Latin as "travel report." It is the first Dutch description of a journey to the East.

Jan Huygen van Linschoten undertook the journey as commissioned by the Portuguese. Upon his return to the Netherlands after many years of travel, Van Linschoten chronicled his experiences. Jan Huygen wrote his travel report, which was published in 1596, in his hometown of Enkhuizen. In doing so he was assisted by Doctor Paludanus, a collector of rarities and curiosities, owner of a botanical garden, an encyclopedist of the newly discovered parts of the globe.

How did Van Linschoten find himself in Asia? Around 1579 the young man, 16 or 17 years old at the time, followed his two brothers to Seville, Spain. A year later he would move to Portugal, where, with his brother's help, he found a position as a clerk in the retinue of Vincente de Fonseca, the newly appointed archbishop of Goa on the west coast of India.

Van Linschoten would make his first journey in 1583, sailing to India with the archbishop's retinue. The journey gave him the opportunity to collect all sorts of information from various sources on the Portuguese empire in Asia: about products that were being traded, fauna of the region, customs and habits of the peoples; but above all Van Linschoten noted down information about the route to Asia.

In 1587 the bishop set out to return to Portugal to report on his activities. Jan Huygen van Linschoten stayed behind in Asia. He was thought to be collecting interest. He also cherished the hope that an occasion might arise for him to travel further east, to China and Japan. In 1588 he was informed that the bishop had died en route back to Europe.

He also heard that his brother's ship had been entirely lost. Jan Huygen van Linschoten suddenly became homesick and decided to himself return to Europe in 1589.

During a stop at Saint Helena, he met Antwerp- born Gerrit van Afhuijsen, who had been to the Maluku Islands (previously known as the Moluku Islands, currently part of Malaysia). He learned a great deal from him about trade in that region. At the next stop, the Azores, he was forced to stay for two years as the island was under siege by the English. He utilized this time to map out the city of Angra on the island of Terceira, as commissioned by the governor. In 1592 he arrived in Lisbon. In the same year, he started out for his homeland and settled once again in Enkhuizen, in what is now the province of Noord-Holland.

Jan Huygen van Linschoten's Itinerario appeared in print in 1596. Amsterdam resident Cornelis Claeszoon, the most important publisher of his time, published the book complete with six topographical maps, 26 illustrations of people and their customs and four prints of trees and fruits.

The 26 illustrations of Asian peoples and the four pictures of eastern crops are separately depicted in the book Icones, also published by Cornelis Claeszoon. These include depictions of Indians, but also of Moluku natives, Javanese and Malaysians. We do not know whether Van Linschoten himself encountered people from these last three population groups in India or whether he described them on the basis of other sources.

With the help of Van Linschoten's guide, four ships set sail on the first long journey eastwards in 1595 (De Eerste Schipvaert (The First Voyage) by Cornelis de Houtman).*

*Research provided by Martine Gosselink, head of the History department at the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands.

**Translated from original German by Karl Nesseler.

Description compiled by Erik Brockett who is pleased to provide additional information relating to this or other examples of the work of Johann Theodor de Bry available at Arader Galleries. He can be contacted at erikbrockett@aradergalleries.com