{"title":"Turpin","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-wild-indigo-1808-1827","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840). Wild Indigo. 1808–1827.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Indigofera [Anil]”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[today known as \u003cem\u003eIndigofera suffruticosa\u003c\/em\u003e, Wild indigo, also known as indigo, Guatamala indigo, añil, añil de pasto, and ti cafe]\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for F.R. Tussac, \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827. Vol. 2, Pl. 9\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003eInscribed “Indigofera tinctoria”\u003cbr\u003ePaper size: 18 x 12 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTurpin’s original drawing is labeled \u003cem\u003e“Indigofera tinctoria,”\u003c\/em\u003e Old World indigo, but later re-titled this image, when it appeared in \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e, as \u003cem\u003e“Indigofera anil Indigofere Franc.”\u003c\/em\u003e This correction to the title, making the distinction of the species to be the indigo grown specifically in the French West Indies, provides fascinating insight to the New World trade wars between the Spanish, French, and British.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to its vibrant deep blue color, excellent color fastness to light, and the wide range of colors obtained by combining it with other natural dyes, indigo has been referred to as “the king of dyes.” No other dye plants have held such a prominent place in as many civilizations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLamarck referred to this plant as “indigotier franc” or “I. ail” in his \u003cem\u003eEncyclopedie Methodique\u003c\/em\u003e (1789). In \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e, Tussac suggested a name change, emphasizing that “indigotier” refers to someone who manages an indigo manufactory. Therefore, he proposed a new name: \u003cem\u003eIndigofera\u003c\/em\u003e, which later became the official genus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDavid Rembert Jr. concisely explained the role of indigo in the New World during the 18th and early 19th centuries:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“By the 18th century, the English and French had begun indigo cultivation in the New World as the trade in indigo from India rapidly declined. The decline in Indian exports was due to various factors. Initially, the procedures in India became lax, leading to a decrease in the quality of their produce. Britain turned first to her West Indian territories, such as Jamaica, and then to her colonies in North America, particularly South Carolina, as new sources for dyes. Meanwhile, the Spanish and French expanded their efforts in the West Indies and Central America.”\u003cbr\u003e—David H. Rembert Jr., \u003cem\u003eEconomic Botany\u003c\/em\u003e, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr.–Jun., 1979), p. 129\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe indigo trade was driven by three species: \u003cem\u003eI. arrecta\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eI. tinctoria\u003c\/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eI. suffruticosa\u003c\/em\u003e. The first two were Old World varieties, and the third was a New World species. In the 16th century, the Portuguese brought \u003cem\u003eI. suffruticosa\u003c\/em\u003e to India through the trade routes between Africa and India. Before this, the only indigo in Europe was \u003cem\u003eI. tinctoria\u003c\/em\u003e, sourced within Europe. The introduction of indigo from India had a profound impact and led to sanctions on sources from outside of Europe; the powerful guilds that controlled the use and trade of indigo even issued death threats. Eventually, the Dutch monopolized the trade through the Dutch East India Company.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigo played a significant role in North American colonial trade, as South Carolina indigo made up 35% of the annual exports to England. Regarding the specific variety, \u003cem\u003eIndigofera carolinana\u003c\/em\u003e, it is unknown if it was a variety of \u003cem\u003eI. tinctoria\u003c\/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eI. suffruticosa\u003c\/em\u003e. Both were being grown in South Carolina when this variant emerged. In the West Indies, the English focused on sugar and coffee exports, leaving the French to specialize in indigo exports from their West Indian colonies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the overwhelming demand for indigo, it was not easy to manufacture. The freshly cut plants were immersed in large vats lined with bricks. After fermentation, the plants were trampled in the tanks by laborers, causing the dye to settle at the bottom to form small cakes that were later dried. This labor-intensive process was both costly and presented tremendous health hazards for workers. Thus, indigo remained an expensive commodity until manufacturing techniques advanced.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum2tuss_0134_1.jpg?v=1743021558\" alt=\"\" width=\"179\" height=\"270\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 Vol. 2 Pl. 9\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44210943197228,"sku":"","price":45000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_78.jpg?v=1743021534"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-upland-cotton-1808-1827","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840). Upland Cotton. 1808–1827.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e(FRENCH, 1775–1840)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e“Gossypium religiosum Coton cultivé (Gossypium hirsutum, Mexican Cotton or Upland Cotton)”\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et économique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827\u003cbr\u003eVol. 2, Pl. 17\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInscribed: \u003cem\u003e“Gossypium religiosum Coton cultivé”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper size: 17 3\/4 x 12 in.\u003cbr\u003eFrame size: 25 3\/4 x 18 3\/8 in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac wrote of this plant:\u003cbr\u003e“Of all the vegetable productions which grow in Asia, Africa, and America, the cotton plant must, in terms of its usefulness, hold second place; I have already given the first to the banana tree… independently of the healthy and pleasant food that the banana tree provides, if we are to believe an ancient tradition, the leaves of this beautiful plant are the largest and finest in their tissue that we can cite among all the plants, were used by our mother to make breeches for her husband, and to make a skirt; hence, leading to the trivial name of the banana fig tree as father Adam’s breeches.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is only one species of native cotton plant found in the Antilles, which is known under the trivial name of maroon cotton plant; I regard it as identical to the one I am describing…. The species that are preferably cultivated in the West Indies are the hairy cotton (\u003cem\u003eGossypium hirsutum\u003c\/em\u003e) with white wool, and its variety with tawny wool, one with hairy seeds adhering to the wool, the other with glabrous seeds that come off easily. It is particularly this species that is cultivated in Santo Domingo… this cotton tree has the advantage of lasting five to six years, by pruning the dead branches every year, it is also less subject to being devoured by caterpillars, which seem to be put off by the little down with which the leaves are covered.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum2tuss_0142.jpg?v=1743021839\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"187\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et économique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827\u003cbr\u003eVol. 2, Pl. 17\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44210975604780,"sku":"","price":45000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_1.jpg?v=1743021821"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-cannonball-tree-1808-1827","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 – 1840). Cannonball tree. 1808–1827.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 – 1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e“Lecythis bractea willd Couroupita guianensus aubl. Boulet a canon (Couroupita guianensis, or Cannonball tree)”\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827. Vol 2 Pl. 10\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003eInscribed: “Lecythis bractea willd Couroupita guianensus aubl. Boulet a canon”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrame size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 31 x 24 1\/4 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cannonball tree, also known as \u003cem\u003eCouroupita guianensis\u003c\/em\u003e, was named by the French botanist Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775. This species is native to the tropical forests of Central and South America and is cultivated in many other tropical areas throughout the world due to its fragrant flowers and large fruits. The Latin epithet \u003cem\u003eguianensis\u003c\/em\u003e means “of the Guianas,” an area of northeastern South America.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(continued)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCouroupita guianensis\u003c\/em\u003e has potential medicinal uses for many of its parts and is culturally and religiously significant in South and Southeast Asia. In Sri Lanka and India, it has been widely misidentified as the Sal tree (\u003cem\u003eShorea robusta\u003c\/em\u003e) after its introduction to the island by the British in 1881 and has been included as a common item in Buddhist temples.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the fruit is edible, it is not usually eaten by people because it can have an unpleasant smell in contrast to its intensely fragrant flowers. Instead, it is typically fed to livestock such as pigs and domestic fowl. The fruit and flowers contain the chemical compounds indigotin and indirubin, the same blue dye compounds found in the indigo plant (\u003cem\u003eIndigofera tinctoria\u003c\/em\u003e). Studies are being conducted on its possible use as a natural dye for fibers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome parts of the plant have medicinal use to treat hypertension, inflammation, the common cold, and some skin conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac described this plant as follows:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“This tree, one of the most beautiful that North and South America can be proud of… the flowers stand out for their large size, their singular shape, and their beautiful dark pink color… This tree, which is usually found only in the large forests of America, is distinguished by its tall stature, by its bushy crown, whose multiplied and variously arranged branches are adorned with large and beautiful leaves, of a cheerful green, at the through which are proudly displayed, long clusters of flowers of great dimensions, which charm the eyes with the brilliance of their colors, and flatter the sense of smell with the delicious aroma that they spread in the atmosphere: the traveler least sensitive to the beauties of nature, stops spontaneously, and cannot refuse his homage to this superb inhabitant of the ancient forests, where he seems to have been deliberately relegated; closer to inhabited countries, it could become disastrous by the fall of its large fruits to those whom it would have attracted by the freshness of its foliage and the beauty of its flowers; despite this inconvenience, one of these trees was planted in Santo Domingo, by a member of the Philadelphian circle, in a small garden near Cap Francais (Haitian Cape), where it received homage from enthusiasts; I myself made frequent visits to it with Mr. Turpin, as learned botanist as he was an excellent natural history painter; the beautiful drawing that I present here to the public is his, as are the anatomical details of the flowers and the fruit. Aubleta finds the plant in the great forests of Guiana, the natives of the country call it couroupitoutoumou, the French call it cannonball; some Creoles give it the name wild apricot, due to the resemblance of its fruit to that of the mamme (sp?), which incorrectly bears the name apricot in the West Indies. Mr. Delahaye, parish priest of Dondon, who dealt with botany, assured me that he found the couroupite in the mountains of Saint-Domingue. The soldiers garrisoned at Cap Francais (Haitian Cape) were particularly fond of this tree; in the flower buds they saw musket balls; in the fruit, a cannonball, or a bomb… The fruit has an acidic flavor and is not used as food.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211009585196,"sku":"","price":85000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_59.jpg?v=1743023883"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-screwpine","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Screwpine.","description":"\u003cp\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003cbr\u003e“Pandanus utilis” [Screwpine]\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003eFrame size: 26 1\/2 x 21 1\/2 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/sceewpine_print.jpg?v=1743024268\" alt=\"\" width=\"113\" height=\"194\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image appeared in Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles\u003cbr\u003epublished by Levrault Paris 1816.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211015483436,"sku":"","price":32000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_58.jpg?v=1743024290"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-a-male-catkin-of-a-breadfruit-tree-1808-1827","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840). A male catkin of a Breadfruit Tree. 1808–1827.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Artocarpus incisa” [A male catkin of a Breadfruit Tree]\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for F.R. Tussac, \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827. Vol. 2, Plate 4\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrame size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 26 1\/2 x 21 1\/2 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“The male and female flowers are both arranged on catkins, not far apart from each other; they are usually enclosed in a spathe, which opens into two valves; but in the species that I describe, the male catkin comes out of the top of the branches, and is enclosed in the same spathe or scale which envelops the young leaves or the terminal bud; this catkin, which at the time of its appearance was not more than two inches in length, becomes a fleshy, cylindrical body, a little compressed, seven or eight inches in length, by an inch and a half in diameter, on which the male flowers are so pressed against each other, that one sees, with the naked eye, only yellow asperities, and that it is only with the aid of a magnifying glass, and by dissection, that one can recognize their organization. They are composed of a tubular, trigonal calyx, truncated at its summit. It has no corolla, there is only one stamen, whose filament, a little longer than the calyx, bears a bilocular oval anther...\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe botanical description that I have just given of the genus Jackfruit, differs in some points from those which have been made by different authors; but the anatomical details of the flowers and fruits of this important plant having been observed and drawn, from nature, by Mr. Turpin, as learned a botanist as an exact draughtsman; having myself made continued observations on this tree that I cultivated on my home in Saint-Domingue, I believe myself justified in assuring the public that this new description is the most accurate that has yet appeared...\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis tree, so interesting, was brought from the islands of the South Sea, to Jamaica, by Captain Bligh, English... They are nestled in a white pulp, in the interior of the fruit of this jackfruit, to the number of forty to sixty, according to the size of the fruit, which is usually that of a child’s head; each seed is enveloped in a fleshy tunic which, in this species, is not eaten. This tree is today has multiplied in all the Antilles, and should be even more… It is necessary to observe, if one wants to make a considerable plantation of jackfruits, to place it in the places most sheltered from strong winds, especially from the North.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerhaps there would be another way to multiply the Jackfruit, which would be to graft it on congeners, or at least on trees of the same natural family… for a greater probability of success, it would be necessary to graft the Apirene Jackfruit onto the seeded Jackfruit…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a naturalist and observer, I have acquired several, in order to be able to judge of the degree of importance that these so renowned fruits deserve. After having exhausted all the ways of preparing them, to better know their flavor, the one that seemed to me preferable and the most expeditious, is to cook them whole in the oven. They are then cut into slices, which are eaten as bread with meat or other foods; the pulp is very white, more succulent than floury; its taste has some relation to that of our Jerusalem artichokes (\u003cem\u003ehelianthus tuberosus\u003c\/em\u003e); but it is less firm, and much easier to digest…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of eating this fruit, more agreeable to my taste, is to cut it transversely into slices about three lines thick, to toast them like toasted bread, and to put a little fresh butter on top…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also make stuffings with the pulp of the jackfruit, mixed with coconut scrapings, rice, onion and various groceries, to put inside poultry that we roast. I ate a guinea fowl prepared in this way, which I found to be very tasty, and even better than those that we roast without stuffing…”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum2tuss_0127_circled.jpg?v=1743024818\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"308\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac, \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827 — a partial study for Vol. 2, Plate 4.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211021250604,"sku":"","price":150000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_62.jpg?v=1743024609"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-cashew-apple-tree","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Cashew Apple Tree.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Cassuvium Pomiferum. Anacardium Occidentale or the Cashew Apple Tree”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 Vol. 3 Pl. 13\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaper size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 17 1\/8 x 11 3\/8 in.  \u003cstrong\u003eFrame size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 24 1\/2 x 18 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe English name of the cashew nut is derived from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree, which is ‘caju’ or ‘acaju’. The word itself comes from the Tupi language and means “nut that produces itself”. Cashew trees are native to tropical South America and were later introduced to other parts of the world by Portuguese explorers in the 1500s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac wrote of this tree:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“The apple cashew (commonly called mahogany apple in the West Indies) is said to originate from the East Indies; it is found in all the gardens, of which it adorns with the plumes of pretty crimson-colored flowers which end its branches, and with the dazzling red color of the monstrous peduncles which have the shape and size of medium pears or apples, which bear the fruits which we call cashew. These peduncles, which are called apples, have a reputation well above their real value among Creole ladies, and especially children; to eat them with a little pleasure, you have to harvest them at their maturity; if procured too early, they have a bitter juice which catches the throat and irritates the teeth; when they are well ripe, they contain an abundant, vinous juice, which refreshes the mouth and quenches thirst; but we must be careful not to overdo it, we would soon notice a very uncomfortable heaviness in the stomach. One of the most pleasant and healthiest ways to eat them is to cut them into quarters and make a semi-sweet compote. We can extract by expression, from this type of fruit, a juice which, after having fermented, produces a very pleasant little wine, but which only keeps for a few days; otherwise, it becomes a vinegar that can be used, but which is weak. There are several varieties of cashew apples, some red, others yellow, and others white.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe most important product of this tree is the fruit called cashew nut; it has the shape of a kidney; its bark, gray and quite thick, contains a very caustic oil, and contains an almond of a very pleasant taste, from which a sweet oil can be extracted by pressing, very good to eat; to have this almond without exposing yourself to having your hands stained in a way that is very difficult to remove, you throw the nuts into the fire, and leave them there until the caustic oil is completely burned, which is easy to remove… One of the best ways to eat cashew kernels is to pick them while they are still green and tender, and cut them into kernels; for this purpose, they are opened in water to avoid the spillage of the oil that the envelope may already contain. In France, you can even eat cashew kernels by soaking them in lukewarm earth for a while, which makes them swell and become more tender. Cashew nuts or kernels, roasted and prepared like cocoa kernels, make very good chocolate. The oil contained in the shell contains the cashew kernel is so caustic that it is very difficult to get rid of treat stains, either on linen or on the skin; someone who had been imprudent enough to try to open a nut with his mouth had an inflammation even in his throat, from which it was difficult to cure.”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum3tuss_0158.jpg?v=1743024978\" alt=\"\" width=\"166\" height=\"247\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 Vol. 3 Pl. 13\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211027902508,"sku":"","price":38000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_64.jpg?v=1743025028"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-the-pawpaw-tree-fruit","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). The Pawpaw Tree Fruit.","description":"\u003cp\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003cbr\u003e“Papaya Sativa The Pawpaw Tree Fruit”\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for F.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux\u003cbr\u003eindigènes des Antilles. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 Vol.3, Plate 11\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003ePaper size:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_56.jpg?v=1743025402\" alt=\"\" width=\"118\" height=\"169\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et\u003cbr\u003eeconomique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel,\u003cbr\u003e1808-1827 study for Vol.3, Plate 11\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211044745260,"sku":"","price":28000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_56.jpg?v=1743025402"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-the-manchineel-tree","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840). The manchineel tree.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Mancinella venenata The Mangeneel Tree”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e(\u003cem\u003eThe manchineel tree [Hippomane mancinella]\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreparatory drawing for F.R. Tussac, \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827. Vol. 3, Pl. 13\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaper size:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manchineel tree, often referred to as manchioneel or manchineal, has a name that originates from the Spanish term “manzanilla,” which translates to ‘little apple.’ This name stems from the tree’s small, round fruit and its lush green leaves, both of which bear a resemblance to those of an apple tree. Commonly known as the beach apple, this tree thrives in coastal areas. A strikingly cautionary name in contemporary Spanish is “manzanilla de la Muerte,” or ‘little apple of death.’ This ominous title underscores the extreme toxicity of the manchineel, making it one of the most dangerous trees in the world. All parts of the plant, from its sap to its fruit, carry potent toxins that can cause serious harm to humans and animals alike.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac addressed the dichotomy of this tree, noting the deadly attributes belie its seemingly innocuous appearance. Writing:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Although nature in its productions appears to us to follow a constant and uniform course, there are nevertheless occasions when it seems to deviate from this law: the limits of our knowledge do not allow us to guess the intention of these supposed deviations. Jealous of the preservation of living beings endowed with sensitivity and reason, this common mother ordinarily imprints on poisonous plants the seal of reprobation, by dominating them with a repulsive aspect; flowers whose dull, ignoble colors affect the eyes in an unpleasant manner; often they let escape emanations which, by forming around them an infected atmosphere, drive away not only beings endowed with reason, but also those who are directed by that feeling that we call instinct, which is often more certain than our intelligence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manchineel tree provides us with an example of the kinds of aberrations that I want to point out. We find gathered in this perfidious plant everything that can contribute to attracting to it those who are not insensitive to the charms of nature; an elegant bearing, bushy foliage of a pleasant green, through which emerge wonderfully a large quantity of fruits of a pretty shape, colored a greenish yellow on one side, and a rather lively crimson on the other; they seem to offer the thirsty traveler a refreshment that the burning heat of the climate makes him ardently desire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprudent traveler, stop! stop! Death would follow closely your indiscreet approach.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manchineel is one of the most famous trees of the Antilles, not for its good qualities, for it has only bad ones; it has not even that which all botanists, copying one another, attribute to it, of furnishing a compact wood, capable of taking a beautiful polish, and veined with different colors: the rarity of this tree that the government wisely ordered to be destroyed everywhere where it was found; this is without doubt the cause which has led botanists to prefer to refer to their predecessors, rather than to see and instruct themselves; it is thus that a century transmits to posterity the errors of preceding centuries, and that one sets limits to the progress of Science.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wood of the manchineel tree is a very white wood, very soft, stringy, which according to this is not fit for anything, not even to burn, because the smoke which comes out of it, besides being dangerous to breathe, crosses the thickness of the vases, even of iron, in which one cooks some dishes, and poisons them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI have had the occasion to observe this poisonous tree in Saint-Domingue, in the district of Arcahaye, on the Merot plantation, in a wood which is located at the seaside; several people living on this plantation, having eaten crabs which had been taken in the wood which I have just spoken of, were poisoned; it was easily assumed that the cause of this poisoning was the crabs, which had eaten manchineel fruit, the wood was searched, and two feet of this dangerous tree were found on the seaside; for then having acquired the certainty of the nature of the poison, all those who were infected with it were made to swallow sea water, which is the best antidote to this pernicious plant, they were all saved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf one were too far from the sea, one could substitute water in which one dissolved a good quantity of table salt, but one is never very far from the sea in the case of poisoning by the manchineel tree, because this tree only grows on its shores, or in the salt marshes which are always near it. The remedy is therefore found alongside the evil…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is said for certain in the Antilles that a traveler who has the misfortune to fall asleep under a manchineel tree never wakes up again.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg height=\"219\" width=\"142\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum3tuss_0142.jpg?v=1743025639\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac, \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827, study for Vol. 3, Plate 5\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211045400620,"sku":"","price":24000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_55.jpg?v=1743025545"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-ginger","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Ginger.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Amomum zingiber” [Zingiber officinale. Ginger]\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for F.R. Tussac. \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827\u003cbr\u003eVol. 3 Pl. 13\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaper size:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac wrote of this plant,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Ginger is cultivated and only succeeds in the mountains, where it is so naturalized that it has spread to some areas, from which it has excluded all other plants. It is cultivated as follows: when the land has been sufficiently plowed with a hoe and cleaned of weeds, holes are made two to three inches deep, half a foot apart from each other, a piece of ginger root is placed in each hole, and covered with the foot. A year later, the roots are dug, the stems of which are cut, they are well cleaned, by washing, of the earth which surrounds them, the first skin is scraped, then they are plunged into boilers of boiling water, with the effect of destroying the vital principle; for this operation, baskets of lianas are used which are suspended above the boilers, and which, by means of a rope passed through a line, can be lowered and raised at will; the roots of ginger are thus subjected to several immersions, until it is assumed that the vital principle is destroyed; without this operation, the roots would not fail to vegetate, which would dispose them to a fermentation which would cause their decomposition and destruction. After this operation, the ginger is carried to the glacis on which it is dried; it is stretched well, and left in the sun until it is judged to be deliverable to the trade. One reason this cultivation is sometimes abandoned, is that this plant deteriorates the soil so much that for several years in a row, no other plants can grow there, and it is infinitely difficult to uproot the ginger, because there always remain a few pieces of roots which reproduce it. Mr. de Lamothe, a colonist of Jamaica, has invented a means of stripping ginger roots of the gray film which covers them, which is not only useless, but also disposes the roots to be attacked by insects which hide beneath. For this operation, he uses a barrel whose inner surface is covered with a sheet metal lining in the shape of a grater; a second lining, also in grater form, is placed three inches apart from the first; it is in this interval that the ginger roots are placed; the barrel is then moved, either by means of a cau (?), or by a crank set; the rotation of the barrel causing the roots to rub against the graters continually, the epidermis is detached, and they become perfectly white; then they are taken out of the barrel, and carried to the sun or to an oven to dry them. Thus prepared, ginger keeps for a very long time, and is not attacked by worms. Care must be taken to fill the barrel in which the white ginger is prepared almost full of water; without this precaution, the film which comes off the roots would clog the graters, and prevent their effect; The water used contains an acrid, burning, heavy oil to the point of sinking to the bottom of the water: this oil is used in fomentations against rheumatic pains.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum3tuss_0156.jpg?v=1743025792\" alt=\"\" width=\"142\" height=\"215\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac. \u003cem\u003eFlore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827\u003cbr\u003eStudy for Vol. 3, Plate 12\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44211054051372,"sku":"","price":24000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_69.jpg?v=1743025770"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-trumpet-flower","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Trumpet Flower.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Solandra Longiflora Trumpet Flower”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 Vol.2, Plate 12\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003ePaper size:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac wrote of this plant:\u003cbr\u003e“The traveler most indifferent to the beauties of nature stops spontaneously, when he meets on his route a tree whose age would make it hideous, if its branches were wrapped in the vine-like stems of the solander, from which hang at different intervals flowers of a rare length and beauty, and of the most sophisticated, did not lend it all the charms and graces of youth. If there are no trees near this plant, on which it can climb, it extends its long branches on the rocks near by. The famous Swartz dedicated this beautiful plant to Solandre; Mr. de Lamark placed it in the genus datura, from which it seems to me to differ a little, first by its facies, then by its capsule which is entirely divided into four lodges, which are filled with a pulp in which the seeds are nestled; while the capsule of the datura is only half-divided into four empty parts, and the seeds are attached to the walls of the partition on protruding placentas. This plant is found in the lower mountains of Cape Francais; I have also found it in Jamaica; it flowers in the months of January, February and March. Its fruits ripen in the month of August.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum2tuss_0137.jpg?v=1743105003\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"221\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAppeared in \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac. Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808-1827 — a partial study for Vol.2, Plate 12.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44213249933356,"sku":null,"price":25000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_68.jpg?v=1743104961"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-the-cassava","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). The Cassava.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775–1840)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Jatropa Manihot The Cassava or Cassadar” [Manihot esculenta]\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for \u003cem\u003eF.R. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eParis: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827. Vol. 3, Pl. 1a\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaper size:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eManihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, or yuca, is native to the northern part of South America and some Caribbean islands. Cassava is extensively cultivated for its edible starchy tuberous root. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are processed to extract cassava starch, called tapioca, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generic name \u003cem\u003eManihot\u003c\/em\u003e and the common name “manioc” both derive from the Guarani (Tupi) name \u003cem\u003emandioca\u003c\/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003emanioca\u003c\/em\u003e for the plant. The specific name \u003cem\u003eesculenta\u003c\/em\u003e is Latin for “edible.” The common name “cassava” is a 16th-century word from the French or Portuguese \u003cem\u003ecassava\u003c\/em\u003e, in turn from Taíno \u003cem\u003ecaçabi\u003c\/em\u003e. The common name “yuca” or “yucca” is most likely also from Taíno, via Spanish \u003cem\u003eyuca\u003c\/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003ejuca\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTussac wrote of this plant:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“In the Antilles, two species or rather two varieties of manihot are known, the bitter manihot and the sweet; only the first is widely cultivated, the bulbs of which contain a milky substance which constitutes a violent poison almost always fatal when it is not promptly remedied… Manihot or cassava bulbs are used in several food, pharmaceutical, and economic preparations… bulbs are carried under a shed where two buckets are placed, one of which filled with water is used to wash the bulbs, to detach the little earth which adheres to them; this water is drained, and substitutes new water to wash these same bulbs a second time, after having raked the skin with a knife intended for this use. On the second tub, where there is also water, is set obliquely a strong sheet metal grater (which is called \u003cem\u003egrage\u003c\/em\u003e in the Antilles), on which the bulbs are grated; bags of coarse cloth are filled with this grater, which are pressed; the juice which flows from them is carefully collected (I will describe its use later); when it is judged that the starch is sufficiently pressed, and that no more juice flows from it, the bags are emptied, and the material, which does not look much like white sawdust, is spread on tables or tablecloths exposed to the sun, to remove any remaining damp parts, which alone are poisonous. When the drying is judged to be as perfect as it can be, the cassava is made; for this purpose, round iron plates are used, five to six lines thick, eighteen to twenty inches in diameter, polished on their upper surface, and raised about eight to ten inches on an iron tripod; a fire is put underneath, and when it is judged that they are sufficiently hot, which experience shows, their entire surface is covered with about two fingers of thickness of manihot starch; it is spread uniformly with a wooden spatula; the little humidity still present is sufficient for all the parts to adhere to each other, and form a kind of large pancake, about a line and a half thick; care is taken, during cooking, to turn the cassava over so that it browns equally on both sides; the necessary degree of cooking can be judged by the reddish color of the two surfaces…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several ways of eating cassava; crunch it completely dry, more commonly they moisten it with a little water, which makes it swell, soften it, and make it easier to chew; Creole ladies soak it in broth, and eat it as bread, with the various dishes served on their tables, especially with fish: there is a way of preparing cassava that is trivially called \u003cem\u003elangou\u003c\/em\u003e; it is first soaked in cold water, then thrown into boiling water, in which it is stirred vigorously, which reduces it to a mush; in this way, it is said to be very healthy and easy to digest; by adding sugar syrup to this mush, it takes the trivial name of \u003cem\u003ematete\u003c\/em\u003e, a very sought-after dish for Creole ladies. Another very delicate preparation, it is said, consists of making, with manihot flour, very thin pancakes, in which a little butter is added, and which are cooked in the oven on banana leaves… [it can also be prepared] with cassava, grated potatoes and thick syrup of sugar which they ferment together in water, a winey drink strong enough to intoxicate, but which only keeps for a few days; they call it \u003cem\u003emabi\u003c\/em\u003e…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preparation Manihot is used for many economic purposes: one can make very light and very delicate bread, by mixing this flour in equal parts with wheat flour; one makes very good pastries: the creams and porridges that one makes with this flour, by adding a little sugar and orange blossom, are very delicate dishes that one serves on the best tables: in times of war one uses this starch as a powder; some people claim that it makes hair fall out; one also uses it to thicken sauces in the kitchens. One can also make glue from it…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn important preparation of manihot is that which is known under the trivial names of \u003cem\u003ecouac\u003c\/em\u003e, manihot flour, tapioca, which currently replaces in Europe (and with success) salep and sago; This preparation is nothing other than the same grating of the manihot bulbs, which are pressed as to make cassava, and which are roasted to a certain degree; for this purpose we have a kind of flat-bottomed boiler, established on a masonry stove, with its mouth outside; it is urgent, while the madeira is heating, to stir it constantly, to prevent the coloring between the parts, and so that the cooking is uniform. By the smell and the slightly reddish color, we know that the operation is finished; then we remove this flour, we spread it on tables to cool it; then we put it in paper bags or in small baskets. This preparation has the great advantage of being able to be carried on a journey; It is claimed that ten pounds are sufficient for the food of a traveler for fifteen days: it is enough to moisten it with a little water, but much more advantageously with broth. We currently know from experience, in France, that we can make a very pleasant and very healthy soup, and that modern doctors frequently give it to their patients, under the name of tapioca…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt would be desirable that we give much more extension to the cultivation of manihot in our colonies, and that we accustom our sailors to this food, which has the double advantage of being at least as healthy as biscuits, and of never spoiling, by keeping it in a place sheltered from humidity; this would be of an inestimable advantage for long-distance voyages.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/floraantillarum3tuss_0132.jpg?v=1743105223\" alt=\"\" width=\"165\" height=\"249\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAppeared in F.R. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, ou histoire générale botanique, rurale et economique des végétaux indigènes des Antilles. Paris: chez l’auteur, F. Schoell et Hautel, 1808–1827.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eA partial study for Vol. 3, Pl. 1a\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44213252620332,"sku":null,"price":24000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_99.jpg?v=1743105242"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-cactus-triangularis","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Cactus Triangularis.","description":"\u003cp\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003cbr\u003e“Cactus Triangularis”\u003cbr\u003ePreparatory drawing for Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003eInscribed ‘Turpin 1819’ lower left and ‘Cactus Triangularis’ center\u003cbr\u003ePaper size: 18 5\/8 x 11 ½ in. sheet,\u003cbr\u003eFrame size: 25 ½ x 18 ¼ in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/dictionnairedes05cuvi_0041.jpg?v=1743105519\" alt=\"\" width=\"152\" height=\"232\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image appeared in Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles\u003cbr\u003epublished by Levrault Paris 1816.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44213268021292,"sku":null,"price":42000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_66.jpg?v=1743105513"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-sun-cactus","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Sun Cactus.","description":"\u003cp\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003cbr\u003e“Cactus specio” [Disocactus speciosus Sun Cactus]\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003eInscribed ‘Turpin 1819’ lower left ‘Cactus specio’ center\u003cbr\u003eFrame size approx: 24 1\/2 x 20 1\/4 in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis plant is indigenous to Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala and has also been successfully established in the Canary Islands.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44213271068716,"sku":null,"price":35000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_67.jpg?v=1743105640"},{"product_id":"pierre-jean-francois-turpin-french-1775-1840-alba-mimosa","title":"PIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840). Alba Mimosa.","description":"\u003cp\u003ePIERRE JEAN FRANÇOIS TURPIN (FRENCH, 1775 - 1840)\u003cbr\u003eMimosa [possibly the Alba Mimosa]\u003cbr\u003eWatercolor and pencil on paper\u003cbr\u003ePaper size approx: 17 1\/4 x 11 1\/2 in. Frame size approx: 24 x 20 1\/4 in.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Arader Galleries","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44213276278828,"sku":null,"price":28000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1156\/7956\/files\/TP_71.jpg?v=1743105760"}],"url":"https:\/\/aradernyc.com\/collections\/turpin.oembed","provider":"Arader Galleries","version":"1.0","type":"link"}